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Isolation of papillary cells     Isolation of renal papillary cells 1. For isolation of papillary cells, kidneys were harvested and kept in HBSS containing 15 mM HEPES, penicillin/streptomycin, and 0.35 g/l NaHCO3, pH 7.4, at 4°C. 2. After removal of the perinephric fat, the kidneys were sectioned along the anterior-posterior axis, ensuring that the papilla was left intact and attached to one of the two half-kidneys. 3. After isolation of the papilla, the tissue was minced and digested with 2 mg/ml collagenase I while being shaken at 175 rpm in a 37°C shaker. 4. Thereafter, with a spatula, the tissue was forced through sequential 106-μm and 20-μm steel filters. 5. The dispersed cells were then collected by centrifugation. Cell culture. 1. For tissue culture, the collected cells were dispersed with DMEM/Ham F12 containing 10% FCS, 5% chicken embryo extract, and 5% rat serum, as well as 2 mM glutamine, penicillin, and streptomycin. 2. Except where indicated otherwise, all cultures were maintained at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% room air. 3. When cells were grown in serum-free media, the culture media consisted of DMEM/Ham F12 containing glutamine and antibiotics plus 5 μg/ml insulin, 5 μg/ml transferrin, 5 ng/ml sodium selenite, 20 ng/ml dexamethasone, 20 ng/ml l-thyroxine, 50 ng/ml bFGF, 100 ng/ml PDGF, and 20 ng/ml EGF. 4. Cells were grown either in plastic dishes or in dishes coated with 5 μg/cm2 fibronectin. 5. When used, LIF was added at a concentration of 100 ng/ml. 6. Individual cell clones were obtained.